PHP Manual
Grapheme Functions
Function to extract a sequence of default grapheme clusters from a text buffer, which must be encoded in UTF-8

grapheme_extract

(PHP 5 >= 5.3.0, PHP 7, PHP 8, PECL intl >= 1.0.0)

grapheme_extract — Function to extract a sequence of default grapheme clusters from a text buffer, which must be encoded in UTF-8

Description

Procedural style

grapheme_extract(
    string $haystack,
    int $size,
    int $type = GRAPHEME_EXTR_COUNT,
    int $offset = 0,
    int &$next = null
): string|false

Function to extract a sequence of default grapheme clusters from a text buffer, which must be encoded in UTF-8.

Parameters

haystack

String to search.

size

Maximum number items - based on the type - to return.

type

Defines the type of units referred to by the size parameter:

GRAPHEME_EXTR_COUNT (default) -size is the number of default grapheme clusters to extract.
GRAPHEME_EXTR_MAXBYTES -size is the maximum number of bytes returned.
GRAPHEME_EXTR_MAXCHARS - size is the maximum number of UTF-8 characters returned.

offset

Starting position in haystack in bytes - if given, it must be zero or a positive value that is less than or equal to the length of haystack in bytes, or a negative value that counts from the end of haystack. If offset does not point to the first byte of a UTF-8 character, the start position is moved to the next character boundary.

next

Reference to a value that will be set to the next starting position. When the call returns, this may point to the first byte position past the end of the string.

Return Values

A string starting at offset offset and ending on a default grapheme cluster boundary that conforms to the size and type specified, or false on failure.

Changelog

Version	Description
7.1.0	Support for negative `offset`s has been added.

Examples

Example #1 grapheme_extract() example


<?php

$char_a_ring_nfd = "a\xCC\x8A";  // 'LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE' (U+00E5) normalization form "D"
$char_o_diaeresis_nfd = "o\xCC\x88"; // 'LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS' (U+00F6) normalization form "D"

print urlencode(grapheme_extract( $char_a_ring_nfd . $char_o_diaeresis_nfd, 1, GRAPHEME_EXTR_COUNT, 2));

?>